because of the very unprecise GPS module of the phone I tried to use an external device. But I never got the phone to use the bluetooth signal instead of the own GPS signal - is there any experience with this?
I did try so too. I have an excellent Bluetooth Tom tom GPS which acquires locks far faster than the built in one.
The solution is simple, there is an app Bluetooth GPS provider which does exactly what you want. If I recall correctly you might need to toggle “allow mock locations” in the developer menu to let the app work its magic.