That should take care of driver trouble.
If that doesn’t help, we wouldn’t talk about a Windows 10 N here by chance? (“N” = without Media Player, result of an old antitrust case)
A Windows N version would need the “Media Feature Pack” before it can do MTP. This should be installable via Settings - Apps - Apps & Features - Optional features (or something like that, German locale here) in current Windows 10 N, for older Windows N versions there were dedicated downloads …
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/3145500/media-feature-pack-list-for-windows-n-editions