To find out how to enter any recovery program and how to navigate in stock recovery, go here: dic:recoverymode.
A custom recovery is a program that replaces the stock recovery (the pre-installed recovery program). It’s most important feature is probably the powerful backup function. A custom recovery can perform a so-called dic:nandroid backup.
Fairphone 1
For Fairphone 1 @chrmhoffmann has ported CWM (ClockWork Mod) recovery. Find the file and installation instructions here:
Navigation is a bit different than in the stock recovery: Volume Up and Volume Down let you navigate up and down in the menu and Power will let you enter a sub menu and confirm your selection.
Fairphone 2
For Fairphone 2 there is TWRP. It is being maintained by @z3ntu. Find a detailed guide here:
TWRP has a touch interface so you will not need your hardware keys to navigate.
Fairphone 3
For Fairphone 3, there is TWRP maintained by @k4y0z. Find the thread about it here:
TWRP has a touch interface so you will not need your hardware keys to navigate.