If it’s not the cable, then this looks like driver trouble.
This here was done because MTP didn’t work when TWRP was booted, but it could serve as a generic driver repair …
To get MTP running again, I did the following …
Disconnected the phone from the computer.
In Control Panel - Programs and Features:
Uninstalled everything with “MTP” or “ADB” in its name.
Rebooted Windows.
In Control Panel - Device Manager:
Enabled View - Show hidden devices, and then uninstalled every possible ADB, MTP and smartphone device, hidden or not.
Rebooted Windows.
Connected the phone again with booted TWRP, Windows then needed a moment to set up MTP again automatically and prompted a success message afterwards.
Et voilà … Now the Fairphone 2 with “Internal Storage” and “Micro SD card” shows up again in Explorer as soon as TWRP is booted and the phone is connected via USB. I tried TWRP 3.2.3-0 and 3.3.1-0.
…
Turns out I deleted my working dic:adb and dic:fastboot commands with this endeavour (they were probably from Minimal ADB and Fastboot), so I did the following …