That notification was my white whale for a while, but I figured out how to disable it in the end. It takes a bit of work. TL;DR: there’s a setting for it in GravityBox.
- enable root access in Settings > Developer settings. If no item by this name appears, go to Settings > About phone. Scroll down to ‘Build number’ and tap it repeatedly until you get a notification that tells you that you’re now a developer. The ‘Developer settings’ item will have appeared in the Settings screen.
- Install the Xposed Installer app (available on F-Droid) and use it to install the Xposed framework.
- In Xposed, look up the Xposed module ‘GravityBox (N),’ install it, enable it and then reboot your phone.
- Open up GravityBox, go to ‘Statusbar tweaks’ and then ‘Ongoing notification blocker.’
- In the list that pops up, look up ‘Call Management’ (I guess it would be ‘Anrufverwaltung’ for a German language OS) and select it, and tap ‘OK.’
- Plug in headphones to see if this has worked. If it hasn’t, reboot your phone.
(Cue someone else giving a far simpler solution that requires neither root nor Xposed)