You can do this over adb if you like (you will need root access for adb).
But I did it the following way (you will need root access for the Termux API in this case):
I created a few scripts with different color adjustment values and use Termux and the Termux widget to run these scripts. The scripts are placed in
/data/data/com.termux/files/home/.shortcuts/tasks
and look like this:
#!/bin/sh
# adjust colors as in Settings > Display > LiveDisplay > Color calibration
su -c 'settings put --lineage system display_color_adjustment "0.5 0.5 0.5"'
You can then add the Termux widget to the screen so that the color calibration can easily be changed by just tapping on the appropriate script.
More info about Termux can be found in the Termux Wiki and especially on the page about the Termux Widget.