Fairphone OS 19.11.2 update. Upgrade error: Unable to find partition for path '/system'

FPOS didn’t come with TWRP preinstalled AFAIK. Only FPOOS did.

You are. Try to download the latest TWRP release and flash it from fastboot by running fastboot flash recovery [name of the file].img and try a manual reinstallation: :gb: :de: :pencil2: Installing the Fairphone 2 from scratch in case of failure / Komplette Neuinstallation des Fairphone 2 im Fehlerfall

I believe you could but it may be costly. Perhaps there is a fairphoneangel in your vicinity that might be able to help you?