I’m not /e/ user, but Xubuntu Linux, so i try look at your problem 
From lsusb i have too this (also after updated usb.ids or hwdb.bin)
-
system booted + usb-debuging enabled:
18d1:4ee7 Google Inc. Nexus/Pixel Device (charging + debug) -
after adb reboot bootloader:
18d1:d00d Google Inc. Xiaomi Mi/Redmi 2 (fastboot)
But for /e/ install script is output of lsusb irelevant,
because in flash_FP5_factory.sh is this detection
-
detect serial as first word from output:
fastboot devices -
check if in output of next command is: FP5
fastboot -s your_detected_serial getvar product -
i see this output:
product: FP5
So you can try run this two fastboot command manualy and see what you have output
(for me work same with system-wide installed “fastboot” package and with fastboot from unpacked /e/ zip for FP5 in bin-linux-x86 subdirectory (where for manualy you must run "./fastboot … " - this fastboot binary use install script))
EDIT: for sure detection in script work when i run script and not only as descripted manualy way above i run script (after remove from it function to flash) and succesfully find my FP5 with output:
*** Fairphone 5 flashing script ***
INFO: The procedure will start soon. Please wait…
Note that this will detect and flash only on Fairphone 5 device.
INFO: You are using a Linux distribution.
INFO: Looking for connected device(s)…
INFO: One Fairphone 5 in fastboot mode found (serial number: here_is_my_fp5_serial).