Because he’s tired of your stupid questions. So I will give the answers.
As @Sonne says, this is an Android issue! So write a letter to Google or throw it directly away, doesn’t care. There are a lots of alternatives, e.g. syncing them with DAVDroid or with Google… so this question is now ANSWERED.
Fairphone doesn’t have the rights to share them with you. They are from Qualcomm, the manufacturer of the Chipset inside the FP2. So they must design their own chip in order to release those things. So it’s an LICENSE issue.
Anyway, you can download them and you don’t have to extract them from your phone. I think is a huge accomodation and should be ok for everybody.
Do you know ANY other smarphone where you can compile the source code yourself? Well I don’t and I think you neither. So just be happy to have that!
There are in fact two solutions by the community:
- Adding some stuff to the boot.img and flash that (what is pretty easy and works very fast, I’ve done that myself), this works with the stock version!, see here
- Adding SuperSU directly to the open source version of FP OS, see here
Fairphone istn’t allowed to give you an easy way to root your device, as there would be no Google Apps:
So next question:
Yes, indeed. I had problems on my laptop as well (but due to a too new gcc version).
I have bad news about this for you. It’s an Andoid problem, so you’ll have to contact Google about this… Since FP OS is based on the AOSP with very little changes, it’s not Fairphone’s fault.
(Actually I think 8 GB should be enough, but you likely did more things wrong… e.g. using an 32 Bit machine? 
)